FLUIDS · MOTION, FLOW RATE AND ENERGY
Fluid Dynamics: Continuity, Bernoulli and Torricelli
Explore liquid flow in a Venturi tube and the draining of a tank. Compare flow rate, velocity, pressure and energy balance while observing the model assumptions.
Physical Parameters
Simulation and Physical Quantities
Pipe cross-section at true 1:1 metric scale: diameters and length use the same visual unit.
Synchronized Graphs
Select a point on a graph or enter a precise time. Curves show a tracer moving through the pipe or the evolution of the tank.
Position
Velocity
Pressure
Flow Rate
Energy Balance
Data Table
SI units, comma-separated CSV with decimal points.
Model Assumptions and Limitations
Continuity and Bernoulli: incompressible fluid, one-dimensional steady flow, prescribed flow rate, constant density and gravity. Mean speed changes with cross-section; absolute pressure stays above the cavitation threshold.
Losses: the coefficient K represents a prescribed empirical head loss distributed schematically along the pipe. It is not a detailed calculation of viscosity or turbulence.
Torricelli: the tank is much wider than the outlet, both open to the atmosphere; the contracted jet has effective area CᵈAₒ and ideal jet speed. Outgoing energy follows the effective-area model and excludes other real losses.
Visualization: pipe, tank and jet use uniform geometric scaling; the tracer stops graphically at the outlet, while the pipe flow remains steady.
FROM MODEL TO RESULTS
Step-by-Step Calculations
General equations, substitutions and intermediate steps with SI units.
One left-aligned equation per line. MathML fallback is available without MathJax.
Other Modules: Fluid Statics · Work and Energy · Physics Lab